Footprints of Airborne Ultrafine Particles on Urban Air Quality and Public Health

Emergence of airborne ultraane particles (UFPs; those below 100 nm in diameter) in both indoor and outdoor urban settings is continuously attracting attention of the air quality science and management communities worldwide due to their probable adverse impacts on human health and the environment. A simple mean to visualise their tiny size is that the width of a single human hair can accommodate, in parallel, ~60,000 and 600 particles of 1 and 100 nm diameter, respectively. An exponential increase in number of UFP studies has been noticed during the last decade, suggesting a notable advancement in the area of their measurements, physico–chemical characterisation, dispersion modelling and exposure assessment [1]. However, this progress is not yet adequate enough to inform regulatory decision making on a particle number basis. e rst question in this context can be raised that where do these UFPs come from and why might we need to control them? Further question can be asked: if the UFPs are needed to be controlled, what are the practical and technical challenges in envisaging control measures? is article revolves around these questions and makes an attempt to highlight recent advances in our understanding and future research priorities. e subsequent paragraphs focuses on the concerns related to outdoor UFPs in urban settings. For the completeness of the article, the last few sections very brieey introduce the UFP related issues in the context of indoor environments. One of the prominent reasons to pay the UFPs a serious attention is their links with the negative health impacts. e exact biological mechanism through which the UFPs aaect the human health is still indecisive but the toxicological and epidemiological evidences have heaped over the past years to demonstrate their adverse impacts on the public health [1]. e minuscule size of UFPs results in signiicantly large surface area and particle number concentrations (PNCs) but very little particle mass concentrations, leaving them out of current mass based regulatory limits for ambient coarse particulate matter (i.e. PM 2.5 and PM 10). Moreover, freshly emitted UFPs contain toxic contents (e.g. metals, organics) and their tiny size ooers them the ability to penetrate the epithelial cells and subsequently accumulate in lymph nodes. Recent studies have indicated that the UFPs carry a potential for oxidative damage to DNA which may lead to increased risk of cancer pathways (see e.g. Kumar et al. [1,2] and references therein). UFPs also play an important role …